<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!-- generator="wordpress/2.3.3" -->
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	>
<channel>
	<title>Comments on: First week blues: saying no</title>
	<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/</link>
	<description></description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2008 14:07:35 +0000</pubDate>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=2.3.3</generator>
		<item>
		<title>By: Maureen</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18966</link>
		<dc:creator>Maureen</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 2005 12:19:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18966</guid>
		<description>NYMOM, I don't want to intern with a finance company, I want to intern in politics. YOU try finding a Democratic/progressive internship that actually pays for living expenses.
</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>NYMOM, I don&#8217;t want to intern with a finance company, I want to intern in politics. YOU try finding a Democratic/progressive internship that actually pays for living expenses.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: NYMOM</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18965</link>
		<dc:creator>NYMOM</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 19:59:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18965</guid>
		<description>"Sally, ok I see. My dept is kind of a mix, the nicer profs try to make sure their students can fulfill their requirement by TAing for them in a subject they enjoy and can competently teach, but it's not as structured as your fellowship arrangement. Also, it doesn't always work out perfectly."

Well then maybe we need to work to make this happen for ALL TAs, not just a rare few whose professors happen to be great guys or like somebody.  As opposed to throwing out the baby with the bathwater here.  Make sure ALL professors know how they are supposed to be interacting with their TAs so it is a fully satisfying learning/teaching experience for everyone involved.  Then you won't have people thinking it's just a run of the mill job and they are being taken advantage of...

I disagree about the unpaid internships too.  Those are great opportunities for kids to work and meet people at all levels.  We've had HBO, The Daily Show and MTV as companies kids can intern at...as well as Goldman Sachs, and even politicans.

What average kid is going to rub elbows with people and companies like this EXCEPT through an unpaid internship. Many middle and working class kids will take a summer to work at one of these unpaid internships and their parents will support it knowing that it's a great opportunity for them.  AND many internships pay carfare plus lunch money...so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the students.

Many average students participate, not just connected ones.  

You are all very wrong there.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Sally, ok I see. My dept is kind of a mix, the nicer profs try to make sure their students can fulfill their requirement by TAing for them in a subject they enjoy and can competently teach, but it&#8217;s not as structured as your fellowship arrangement. Also, it doesn&#8217;t always work out perfectly.&#8221;</p>
<p>Well then maybe we need to work to make this happen for ALL TAs, not just a rare few whose professors happen to be great guys or like somebody.  As opposed to throwing out the baby with the bathwater here.  Make sure ALL professors know how they are supposed to be interacting with their TAs so it is a fully satisfying learning/teaching experience for everyone involved.  Then you won&#8217;t have people thinking it&#8217;s just a run of the mill job and they are being taken advantage of&#8230;</p>
<p>I disagree about the unpaid internships too.  Those are great opportunities for kids to work and meet people at all levels.  We&#8217;ve had HBO, The Daily Show and MTV as companies kids can intern at&#8230;as well as Goldman Sachs, and even politicans.</p>
<p>What average kid is going to rub elbows with people and companies like this EXCEPT through an unpaid internship. Many middle and working class kids will take a summer to work at one of these unpaid internships and their parents will support it knowing that it&#8217;s a great opportunity for them.  AND many internships pay carfare plus lunch money&#8230;so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the students.</p>
<p>Many average students participate, not just connected ones.  </p>
<p>You are all very wrong there.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: metamanda</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18964</link>
		<dc:creator>metamanda</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 19:39:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18964</guid>
		<description>Hmm. OK, I see what you're getting at Mr. B, though I think both kinds of connections are important. Perhaps I am underestimating the power of administrative and HR staff, but for me it's ultimately been the people interviewing me for the position (usually a mix, though usually majority men) that decide whether I get the job or not and only then does the usually female HR person come into the picture. For my fellowship, I have no idea who judged my proposal, but judging from the handwriting on the feedback forms it was also a mix. However, the people who makes sure the checks make it into my bank account are with one exception women and I am always very nice to them.

Uh oh... maybe I'm out of the loop and don't even realize it. 

Sally, ok I see. My dept is kind of a mix, the nicer profs try to make sure their students can fulfill their requirement by TAing for them in a subject they enjoy and can competently teach, but it's not as structured as your fellowship arrangement. Also, it doesn't always work out perfectly. :\</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hmm. OK, I see what you&#8217;re getting at Mr. B, though I think both kinds of connections are important. Perhaps I am underestimating the power of administrative and HR staff, but for me it&#8217;s ultimately been the people interviewing me for the position (usually a mix, though usually majority men) that decide whether I get the job or not and only then does the usually female HR person come into the picture. For my fellowship, I have no idea who judged my proposal, but judging from the handwriting on the feedback forms it was also a mix. However, the people who makes sure the checks make it into my bank account are with one exception women and I am always very nice to them.</p>
<p>Uh oh&#8230; maybe I&#8217;m out of the loop and don&#8217;t even realize it. </p>
<p>Sally, ok I see. My dept is kind of a mix, the nicer profs try to make sure their students can fulfill their requirement by TAing for them in a subject they enjoy and can competently teach, but it&#8217;s not as structured as your fellowship arrangement. Also, it doesn&#8217;t always work out perfectly. :\</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Mr. Bad</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18963</link>
		<dc:creator>Mr. Bad</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 19:06:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18963</guid>
		<description>metamanda wrote: &lt;i&gt;"Well, I'm not at your school and I think not in your field, but every job, internship or academic position -- with one exception -- that I've gotten through a social connection, that connection has been a man. There are actually not a lot of women in my field."&lt;/i&gt;

I'm not talking about social connections, I'm talking about the professional ones, i.e., via human resource personnel, staff and administrators, both at the colleges/universities and the orgs. sponsoring the internships.  And it's very much a New Girl's Club from my experience, and in fact, for others too who have written about the change in dynamic.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>metamanda wrote: <i>&#8220;Well, I&#8217;m not at your school and I think not in your field, but every job, internship or academic position &#8212; with one exception &#8212; that I&#8217;ve gotten through a social connection, that connection has been a man. There are actually not a lot of women in my field.&#8221;</i></p>
<p>I&#8217;m not talking about social connections, I&#8217;m talking about the professional ones, i.e., via human resource personnel, staff and administrators, both at the colleges/universities and the orgs. sponsoring the internships.  And it&#8217;s very much a New Girl&#8217;s Club from my experience, and in fact, for others too who have written about the change in dynamic.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Sally</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18962</link>
		<dc:creator>Sally</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 18:56:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18962</guid>
		<description>Sure, you need to have some teaching experience on your C.V.  But that's not what drives the T.A. system.  If it was, they'd do something like what I got as a condition of my fellowship.  For one semester, I shadowed a professor.  We met before each class to discuss the material.  I told her how I'd teach the class, and she gave me feedback, but she actually did the teaching. I taught one day's class, and she watched and gave me feedback.  I read all the papers and wrote my own comments, then she read them, gave me feedback, and then wrote her own comments.  The next semester, I taught the class myself, with my prof's guidance.  This taught me a hell of a lot about teaching, but it created &lt;i&gt;more&lt;/i&gt;, not less work for the prof.  And it is extraordinarily unusual, because T.A.s function as cheap graders and discussion-leaders, not as student teachers.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sure, you need to have some teaching experience on your C.V.  But that&#8217;s not what drives the T.A. system.  If it was, they&#8217;d do something like what I got as a condition of my fellowship.  For one semester, I shadowed a professor.  We met before each class to discuss the material.  I told her how I&#8217;d teach the class, and she gave me feedback, but she actually did the teaching. I taught one day&#8217;s class, and she watched and gave me feedback.  I read all the papers and wrote my own comments, then she read them, gave me feedback, and then wrote her own comments.  The next semester, I taught the class myself, with my prof&#8217;s guidance.  This taught me a hell of a lot about teaching, but it created <i>more</i>, not less work for the prof.  And it is extraordinarily unusual, because T.A.s function as cheap graders and discussion-leaders, not as student teachers.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: metamanda</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18961</link>
		<dc:creator>metamanda</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 18:13:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18961</guid>
		<description>&#62;So it's a little difficult for me to feel sorry for people who are 25 years my junior, have their whole lives ahead of them and are going to be making a heck of a lot more money then I ever made after they finally graduate from school in a few years.

That's ok, we don't want you feeling sorry for us, and I'm flattered that you think I'll make a lot of money. Hope you're right. Actually, I think it's pretty cool you went back to grad school after raising a family. I'd rather not get into a contest over who has suffered most for their education. Many people in my dept. didn't start grad school straight out of undergrad. A couple are in their 40s or 50s, and several more are raising families. A union for grad students if very much for them too, not just the 20-somethings.

And all that stuff that Sally said... very insightful, thanks. I'm gonna mildly disagree on TAships as training just because if you apply for academic positions, they will look askance at you if you have no teaching experience, and a TAship will count for something there. It's more of a negative reinforcement sort of thing... having a TAship may not gain you lots of great teacher training, but NOT having had one makes you look bad.

&#62;one needs to be connected to the New Girl's Network

Well, I'm not at your school and I think not in your field, but every job, internship or academic position -- with one exception -- that I've gotten through a social connection, that connection has been a man. There are actually not a lot of women in my field.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&gt;So it&#8217;s a little difficult for me to feel sorry for people who are 25 years my junior, have their whole lives ahead of them and are going to be making a heck of a lot more money then I ever made after they finally graduate from school in a few years.</p>
<p>That&#8217;s ok, we don&#8217;t want you feeling sorry for us, and I&#8217;m flattered that you think I&#8217;ll make a lot of money. Hope you&#8217;re right. Actually, I think it&#8217;s pretty cool you went back to grad school after raising a family. I&#8217;d rather not get into a contest over who has suffered most for their education. Many people in my dept. didn&#8217;t start grad school straight out of undergrad. A couple are in their 40s or 50s, and several more are raising families. A union for grad students if very much for them too, not just the 20-somethings.</p>
<p>And all that stuff that Sally said&#8230; very insightful, thanks. I&#8217;m gonna mildly disagree on TAships as training just because if you apply for academic positions, they will look askance at you if you have no teaching experience, and a TAship will count for something there. It&#8217;s more of a negative reinforcement sort of thing&#8230; having a TAship may not gain you lots of great teacher training, but NOT having had one makes you look bad.</p>
<p>&gt;one needs to be connected to the New Girl&#8217;s Network</p>
<p>Well, I&#8217;m not at your school and I think not in your field, but every job, internship or academic position &#8212; with one exception &#8212; that I&#8217;ve gotten through a social connection, that connection has been a man. There are actually not a lot of women in my field.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Mr. Bad</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18960</link>
		<dc:creator>Mr. Bad</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 14:37:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18960</guid>
		<description>I agree with Sally re. the unpaid internship racket, and have firsthand experience with it myself.  However, at my institution, another major first tier research university like the one NYMOM works at, internships are not the realm of just privileged students, but well-connected ones.  One not only needs to be able to afford to work for free, one needs to be connected to the New Girl's Network, then modern version of the Old Boy's Network of bygone days (yes, this is now the norm in academia).  Further, only certain internship activities count towards fulfilling degree requirements, so universities have a means to promote various political agendas without blatantly doing so on campus and/or using university resources directly.  They simply use the student unpaid internship system to provide the resources indirectly.  

As Sally said, the unpaid intership system has become quite a racket.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I agree with Sally re. the unpaid internship racket, and have firsthand experience with it myself.  However, at my institution, another major first tier research university like the one NYMOM works at, internships are not the realm of just privileged students, but well-connected ones.  One not only needs to be able to afford to work for free, one needs to be connected to the New Girl&#8217;s Network, then modern version of the Old Boy&#8217;s Network of bygone days (yes, this is now the norm in academia).  Further, only certain internship activities count towards fulfilling degree requirements, so universities have a means to promote various political agendas without blatantly doing so on campus and/or using university resources directly.  They simply use the student unpaid internship system to provide the resources indirectly.  </p>
<p>As Sally said, the unpaid intership system has become quite a racket.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Sally</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18959</link>
		<dc:creator>Sally</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 13:53:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18959</guid>
		<description>The unpaid internship racket is relatively new, NYMOM, and I consider it pretty sinister.  What has happened is that jobs that used to be filled by paid entry-level workers are now performed by unpaid interns who are forced to work for free if they want to get a foot in the door.  For the most part, these are privileged students, because middle-class and below students cannot afford to accept unpaid jobs.  Between their studies and their paid jobs, which they are required to take as part of their financial aid packages, they don't have the time. Since unpaid internships are a necessary way to get your foot in the door, that means that middle-class and below students are increasingly shut out of jobs in the media, the arts, etc.  This is made even worse by the new emphasis on masters' degrees: to get a job in journalism, you often need to go to journalism school and then accept an unpaid internship.  You're supposed to pay off your J-school loans by... not having had any in the first place.

What you are suggesting is that we do the same thing with graduate school: make it accessible only to the independently wealthy. If grad students are expected to work for free, only trust-fund babies will be able to go to grad school.  The financial barriers to grad school are actually much higher than those to taking unpaid internships, because while a lot of students might be able to scrape together the money to work for free for a summer, very few people are going to be able to support themselves without pay for the six to ten years that it takes to get a PhD.

I guess I don't want a society in which the flow of ideas is controlled by people who grew up rich.  And if you make independent wealth a requirement for working in academia, entertainment, the media, or the arts, that's what happens.  That strikes me as a problem for everyone, not just for people trying to put themselves through grad school.

If grad students receive generous enough stipends that they can afford to live on them, I think it's just fine for them to be expected to T.A.  In a sense, they are being compensated for T.A.ing.  But that's not usually the case.  I know it's not the case at the institution at which you work, because one of the reasons I didn't apply there is that a professor there told me that it was impossible to support yourself on their graduate funding.  

Finally, it's pretty clear to me that TAships are not about graduate training. The number of T.A.s is determined by the needs of the professors and departments, not by the number of students who could use the work experience.  T.A.s typical receive no training in pedagogy. There are no guidelines to encourage professors to pick T.A.s who could benefit from the "training" or experience.  And everyone realizes that departments could not get by without T.A.s.  People who argue that T.A.ships are training, in my opinion, are either disingenuous or just don't understand how universities work.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The unpaid internship racket is relatively new, NYMOM, and I consider it pretty sinister.  What has happened is that jobs that used to be filled by paid entry-level workers are now performed by unpaid interns who are forced to work for free if they want to get a foot in the door.  For the most part, these are privileged students, because middle-class and below students cannot afford to accept unpaid jobs.  Between their studies and their paid jobs, which they are required to take as part of their financial aid packages, they don&#8217;t have the time. Since unpaid internships are a necessary way to get your foot in the door, that means that middle-class and below students are increasingly shut out of jobs in the media, the arts, etc.  This is made even worse by the new emphasis on masters&#8217; degrees: to get a job in journalism, you often need to go to journalism school and then accept an unpaid internship.  You&#8217;re supposed to pay off your J-school loans by&#8230; not having had any in the first place.</p>
<p>What you are suggesting is that we do the same thing with graduate school: make it accessible only to the independently wealthy. If grad students are expected to work for free, only trust-fund babies will be able to go to grad school.  The financial barriers to grad school are actually much higher than those to taking unpaid internships, because while a lot of students might be able to scrape together the money to work for free for a summer, very few people are going to be able to support themselves without pay for the six to ten years that it takes to get a PhD.</p>
<p>I guess I don&#8217;t want a society in which the flow of ideas is controlled by people who grew up rich.  And if you make independent wealth a requirement for working in academia, entertainment, the media, or the arts, that&#8217;s what happens.  That strikes me as a problem for everyone, not just for people trying to put themselves through grad school.</p>
<p>If grad students receive generous enough stipends that they can afford to live on them, I think it&#8217;s just fine for them to be expected to T.A.  In a sense, they are being compensated for T.A.ing.  But that&#8217;s not usually the case.  I know it&#8217;s not the case at the institution at which you work, because one of the reasons I didn&#8217;t apply there is that a professor there told me that it was impossible to support yourself on their graduate funding.  </p>
<p>Finally, it&#8217;s pretty clear to me that TAships are not about graduate training. The number of T.A.s is determined by the needs of the professors and departments, not by the number of students who could use the work experience.  T.A.s typical receive no training in pedagogy. There are no guidelines to encourage professors to pick T.A.s who could benefit from the &#8220;training&#8221; or experience.  And everyone realizes that departments could not get by without T.A.s.  People who argue that T.A.ships are training, in my opinion, are either disingenuous or just don&#8217;t understand how universities work.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: mythago</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18958</link>
		<dc:creator>mythago</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 12:35:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18958</guid>
		<description>Of course it's legal, but it's much simpler to prevent and defend against lawsuits if you can prove that every professor uses a totally random method of selection. (About the best claim a student can make in that situation is 'it was rigged,' as Hugo's anecdote shows, but that's pretty feeble.) Hugo might be listing those factors at a deposition, or in arbitration or a courtroom. The school probably wants to cut things off before it would get to that point.

It's not unusual for a company to tell its employees that they have to avoid doing a particular thing because "it's illegal," rather than saying "it's legal, but our lawyers said not to do that."

&lt;i&gt;Because like I was at that time, they are STUDENTS, not employees of the school. The training they are getting by working for a full-fledged professor is for free, just like any other apprendice who is learning by working with a master at his craft? Right.&lt;/i&gt;

Wrong. &lt;a href="http://www.unionjobs.com/trade/ca/lauajatc.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Apprentices in trade unions do not work for free.&lt;/a&gt; (Their wages are substantially less than those of journeymen, naturally.) Why should a school offload its labor costs onto students?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Of course it&#8217;s legal, but it&#8217;s much simpler to prevent and defend against lawsuits if you can prove that every professor uses a totally random method of selection. (About the best claim a student can make in that situation is &#8216;it was rigged,&#8217; as Hugo&#8217;s anecdote shows, but that&#8217;s pretty feeble.) Hugo might be listing those factors at a deposition, or in arbitration or a courtroom. The school probably wants to cut things off before it would get to that point.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s not unusual for a company to tell its employees that they have to avoid doing a particular thing because &#8220;it&#8217;s illegal,&#8221; rather than saying &#8220;it&#8217;s legal, but our lawyers said not to do that.&#8221;</p>
<p><i>Because like I was at that time, they are STUDENTS, not employees of the school. The training they are getting by working for a full-fledged professor is for free, just like any other apprendice who is learning by working with a master at his craft? Right.</i></p>
<p>Wrong. <a href="http://www.unionjobs.com/trade/ca/lauajatc.html" rel="nofollow">Apprentices in trade unions do not work for free.</a> (Their wages are substantially less than those of journeymen, naturally.) Why should a school offload its labor costs onto students?</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Mr. Bad</title>
		<link>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18957</link>
		<dc:creator>Mr. Bad</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2005 12:24:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://hugoschwyzer.net/2005/08/30/first-week-blues-saying-no/#comment-18957</guid>
		<description>NYMOM said: &lt;i&gt;"Of course if the opposite is practiced to put more women into traditionally men's classes or fields, wouldn't men be screaming to holy hell????"&lt;/i&gt;

I don't think so - this has been happening for decades and while I've heard some minimal grumbling, I've not heard any "screaming to holy hell" coming from men.  However, now that women are advantaged and the majority in college and university (actually since the early 1990s), I hear some well-reasoned arguments for abolishing affirmative action for women and focusing instead on men, and that seems to cause hysteria in feminist circles.  Seems to me the only "screaming to holy hell" I hear is from women like you who are afraid of losing your special privileges and treatment vis-a-vis the advantages you've been granted due to affirmative action and other chivalrous activities.  

I'll say it again:  Hugo, you can choose your students using subjective standards as long as you can list the criteria you're using to do so and justify those choices on the basis of "diversity" and "critical mass."  Your institution might have its own specific guidelines on this, but it's quite legal to do this in the U.S.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>NYMOM said: <i>&#8220;Of course if the opposite is practiced to put more women into traditionally men&#8217;s classes or fields, wouldn&#8217;t men be screaming to holy hell????&#8221;</i></p>
<p>I don&#8217;t think so - this has been happening for decades and while I&#8217;ve heard some minimal grumbling, I&#8217;ve not heard any &#8220;screaming to holy hell&#8221; coming from men.  However, now that women are advantaged and the majority in college and university (actually since the early 1990s), I hear some well-reasoned arguments for abolishing affirmative action for women and focusing instead on men, and that seems to cause hysteria in feminist circles.  Seems to me the only &#8220;screaming to holy hell&#8221; I hear is from women like you who are afraid of losing your special privileges and treatment vis-a-vis the advantages you&#8217;ve been granted due to affirmative action and other chivalrous activities.  </p>
<p>I&#8217;ll say it again:  Hugo, you can choose your students using subjective standards as long as you can list the criteria you&#8217;re using to do so and justify those choices on the basis of &#8220;diversity&#8221; and &#8220;critical mass.&#8221;  Your institution might have its own specific guidelines on this, but it&#8217;s quite legal to do this in the U.S.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
</channel>
</rss>
